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Pennsylvania · Pennsylvania STEELS · Grades 6–8

3.2.6-8.B: Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle…

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

The Pennsylvania Science, Technology & Engineering, Environmental Literacy & Sustainability (STEELS) Standards outcome 3.2.6-8.B (Physical Sciences) for Grades 6–8 says: “Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.” This Fieldbook unit teaches it hands-on, with everyday materials and a printable teacher guide and student sheet for every lesson. Official wording: Pennsylvania Science, Technology & Engineering, Environmental Literacy & Sustainability (STEELS) Standards.

Hot and Cold: Particles on the Move Grade 6 · partly supports this outcome

Why tires go soft in winter, why sidewalks have gaps, and how a thermometer knows. Five lessons on what heating and cooling do to the particles in everything around us.

  • Why do bike tires go soft in winter? 45–60 min

    Students stretch a balloon over a bottle, move it between warm and ice water, and find out what happens to air particles when they cool down. Then they explain a cyclist's 'flat' tire on the first cold morning.

  • Why does food colouring spread faster in hot water? 45–60 min

    Two cups, two drops, one race. Students drop food colouring into warm and ice-cold water at the same moment, then explain what the moving colour tells us about particles they can't see.

  • How does a thermometer know? 50–60 min

    Teams build a working thermometer from a bottle of coloured water and a clear straw, then calibrate it against a real thermometer. At the end, they explain how any liquid thermometer 'knows' the temperature.

Printable practice for 3.2.6-8.B

These pages practise a closely related idea; the match to 3.2.6-8.B is partial.

Need just this outcome? Build a custom pack from these pages, with its answer key, in about a minute. Custom packs come with All-access and school licences.

Compared with NGSS: MS-PS1-4 (partial).

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